Photograph on linen and process of making same.



UNITED STATES Patented October 25,,1904.

PATENT OEErcE.

OTTO FULTON, OF OHlSWIOK, AND WILLIAM MOUNTSTEVEN GILLARD, OFTWIOKENHAM, ENGLAND.

PHOTOGRAPH ON LINEN AND PROCESS OF MAKING SAME.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 773,384, dated October25, 1904.

Application filed April 5,1904. Serial No. 201,739. (No model.)

To (LZZ whom it may concern.-

Be it known that we, OTTo FULTON, photographer, residing at 493 Highroad, Ohiswick, and W ILLIAM MoUNTsTEvnN GILLARD, photographer, residingat Glen Rosa, St. Margarets Road, Twickenham, in the county ofMiddlesex, England, subjects of the King of Great Britain, have inventedcertain new and useful Improvements in Photographs on Linen andProcesses of Making Same, of which the following is a specification. I

This invention relates to the production of photographs on linen orother fabrics, and has for its object to produce a picture or subject byphotography on linen, cloth, canvas, or other textile or woven fabric insuch manner that the effect of density will be produced by lighttransmitted through and the effect of brilliancy will be obtained bylight reflected from the photograph produced.

The accompanying drawing, which illustrates the nature of our invention,is a diagrammatic representation in section of a duplex photograph afterexposure and development.

According to this invention we take as a basis for sensitizing a whiteor light-colored fabric, which may be cotton, linen, silk, wool, or thelike, which for brevity We may hereinafter designate the cloth. 7

The fabric or cloth hereinbefore referred to may be of any desiredcharacter. In this connection, however, we have found that 'a fabric ofa closely-woven texture affords the best results, although We may employa fabric comprising two or more series of parallel threads superposed insuch a manner that the threads of one series cross the threads of theother series.

Some commercial qualities of cloth have a desirable stiffness,consistency, and translucency rendering them especially adapted to ourpurpose; but other kinds may advantageously be stifiened or sized. WV eprefer to do this with a weak solution of celluloid or thin celluloidvarnish and in the following manture of three parts of alcohol and fiveparts of amyl acetate being suitable. We may in some cases apply to thecloth a coating composed of a smallpercentage of flour, starch,Whitening, or like substances for the purpose of facilitating thecoating with the photographic emulsion. The cloth is saturated with theaforesaid varnish, and as the varnish dries the cloth is rolled orpressed. This is the method of hardening or sizing the cloth which weprefer; but any other method may be adopted. We coat both surfaces ofthe cloth with a film of light-sensitive gelatin emulsion of a kind wellknown to photographers or we coat one surface of the cloth with the filmof lightsensitive gelatin emulsion and also prepare the body, substance,or other side of the cloth by saturating or soaking it with suitablesensitizing material. The object of this double sensitizing is twofold:

First. To combine in one effect two prints or images, this doublysensitized material giving by one exposure what We term a duplexphotograph in which are united the efiect of density by transmittedlight and brilliancy by reflected light. The image at the back or eitherimage may have its intensity adjusted by turning the cloth over andexposing the back more than thefront or the front more than the back.This may be done whether the exposure is under a negative or by means ofa projection or enlarging apparatus.

Second. The gelatinous medium of the emulsion being impervious to oilsserves to insulate the cloth from any oil-paint with which we may colorthe photograph, the said oil-paint being laid upon the gelatin surface.For this reason one side at least of'our duplex material must be coatedwith an impervious or gelatin coating, a condition best realized byusing agelatin emulsion, although plain sensitizing and asubsequentsizing may be resorted to, and as regards the other side the use ofgelatin is optional.

To facilitate the above sensitizing treatment, we, as explained above,prefer to em ploy cloth which has been previously treated with agelatin, pyroxylin, or similar compound or which has been waxed, or wemay employ a sized cloth, such as bookbinders cloth. The best stiffeningor sizing method known to us and which we prefer is that in which thincelluloid varnish is employed, as already described. \Vith someemulsions we find it an advantage to size the prepared material (beforecoating with the sensitive emulsion) with a one-per-cent. solution ofgelatin, thus facilitating the coating in aneven manner.

\Vith respect to sensitive emulsions or sensitizing preparations to beemployed in our invention we may use any of the numerous sensitivepreparations or emulsions well known to photographers, the one essentialbeing the formation of a surface picture to give brilliancy by reflectedlight and a second image at the back of the material to give density bytransmitted light.

The following are examples of the method of sensitizing the cloth forour duplex photographs.

An emulsion for one faces may be prepared as follows, this formula beingwell known: gelatin, one hundred and seventy-five grains; ammoniumchlorid, eighteen grains; Rochelle salt, fifty grains; silver nitrate incrystals, seventy-five grains; alcohol, two fiuid drains; water, fiveounces. Put thewater, gelatin,ammonium chlorid, and the Rochelle saltinto a bottle and when the gel atin is swelled heat to about 100Fahrenheit, so as to dissolve the gelatin. When the gelatin and thesalts are completely dissolved,the crystals of silver nitrate are to beadded and the bottle is to be shaken for several minutes. Now maintainthe emulsion at a temperature of 100 Fahrenheit for ten minutes, pourout, and allow the emulsion to set. Gut it into pieces and soak or washin several changes of water. Now drain off the water, melt thegelatinous mass or set emulsion, and add the alcohol, after which coatthe cloth with the emulsion. WV hen the coating is dry, a second coatingof the same emulsion may be affixed to the back of the cloth, or theback of the cloth may be sensitized by brushing or sponging with thefollowing: ammonium chlorid, three grains; water, one ounce; whippedwhite of egg, onehalf fluid dram; Rochelle salt, ten grains. When thecloth is again dry, the same side of the cloth (that is, the uncoatedside) is sponged or brushed with a solution of silver nitrate, (seventygrains to the ounce of water.) The surface or both surcloth being oncemore dried is ready for exposure. Any of the many well-known sensitizingpreparations may be used, and we may specially mention platinum andgum-bichromate sensitizers. When both surfaces of the cloth are to becoated with the-same emulsion, we may draw the cloth through the liquidemulsion.

Cloth sensitized by the above compound will generally be printed out inthe printingframe to the full intensity of image; but a shorter exposuremay be given, this shorter exposure being followed by development. Asuitable developer is the following: glacial acetic acid, four parts;gallic acid, six parts; sodium acetate, twenty parts; ten-per-cent.solution of lead nitrate, fifteen parts; water, one thousand parts.

hen we intend our sensitive cloth to be used for extremely shortexposures followed by development, we sometimes coat both sides of thecloth with an ordinary gelatin-bromid emulsion. If, however, we onlywish for a gelatin film on one side, we generally sensitize or coat onesurface of the body of the cloth by silver bromid deposited by doubledecomposition in the substance of the cloth. For example, the cloth isbrushed over or saturated with the following: bromid of ammonium, eightgrains; whipped white of egg, one-half fluid dram; water, one ounce. henagain dry, the cloth is brushed or sponged with silver nitrate, seventygrains; water, one ounce. The cloth is now washed, after which it iswell saturated with ammonium bromid, sixty grains; water, one ounce. Thecloth is now well washed in several changes of water, after which it isallowed to dry, and then one side coated with any ordinarygelatin-bromid emulsion. Development and fixing in this case are carriedout, as in the case of ordinary photographic work on paper, which hasbeen coated with gelatin-bromid emulsion, excepting that care must betaken to allow a free access of the developing solution to both sides ofthe material.

Operations with the various sensitive preparations are of courseconducted in a subdued or other light known by photographers to be safeand satisfactory in relation to the materials concerned.

WVhen we use cloth which is so thin that a double thickness is not anobjection, we sometimes coat one sheet or piece of the cloth with thegelatin emulsion, and we sensitize another sheet or piece of the clothby brushing, sponging, saturation, or coating, as described. These twosheets may then be superimposed and exposed together, or they may beexposed separately. After fixation the two photographs thus obtained arejoined together or cemented together, so as to produce a duplex resultsimilar to that obtained on the single thickness of cloth.

In connection with the fabric hereinbefore referred to it may sometimeshappen when the fabric used is not closely woven that the emulsion orsensitizing material penetrates between the threads or percolatesthrough the interstices of the fabric, and at the points of penetrationit may-be considered that the two surface films of sensitive materialare united and form one thick film. It is obvious that at these pointsno duplex effect can be produced. Therefore every point where theemulsion penetrates the transparency is less perfect.

Hence it is important that a closely-woven fabric should be used and nota mere skeleton of fine threads.

Referring to the accompanying drawing, (4 represents one sensitivecoating; b, the white or light-colored fabric or cloth, and 0 anothersensitive coating. Assuming light to be comingin the direction of thearrows, a sharp and dense image results in the substance of the coating0, the intensity of the various parts of the image being represented forthe purpose of illustration by the depth of the shading. Some of thelight-rays by passing through the film 0 and penetrating the white orlightcolored fabric or cloth 6 form a second and faint image on the rearcoating a. In viewing the duplex picture by looking toward the side onwhich the tissue was exposed the front image only is seen, this imageappearing as an ordinary positive backed up by the white orlight-colored fabric or cloth Z). When, however, the duplex picture isviewed as a transparency, both images are seen as they reinforce eachother, so that combined they produce the more intense effect which isrequired for apositive when used as a transparency.

e would have it understood that the boundariesbetween the coatings a andb and the fabric or cloth 0 may not always be so sharply defined assuggested in the accompanying diagram, as they may to a certain extentmerge into each other.

\Vhat we claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the UnitedStates, is

1. The herein-described method of producing' a duplex photograph whichconsists in coating white or light-colored linen, cloth or othertranslucent or semitransparent flexible woven fabric with a sensitizedsurface on each side thereof, exposing the said sensitized surfaces andobtaining a duplex representation of the image.

2. In the production of aduplex photograph upon white or light-coloredlinen, cloth or other translucent "or semitransparent flexible Wovenfabric, the herein-described method of preparing the said fabric forreceiving the duplex representation of the image consisting in applyinga sensitized coating to each side of said flexible woven fabric.

3. In the production of a duplex photograph upon White or light-coloredlinen, cloth or other translucent or semitransparent flexible wovenfabric, the herein-described method of preparing the said fabric forreceiving the duplex representation of the image consisting in applyinga sensitized surface to each side of said flexible woven fabric, saidsensitized surfaces being of the same degree of sensitiveness.

4. A photograph consisting of a representation of the image upon eachside of a White or light-colored linen, cloth or other translucentorsemitransparent flexible Woven fabric adapted to be simultaneously oralternately visible by transmitted and reflected light, the image uponone side of the fabric being darker than the image upon the other sidethereof.

5. A duplex photograph consisting of white or light-colored linen, clothor other translucent or semitransparent flexible woven fabric having arepresentation of the image upon each side thereof.

In testimony whereof we have hereunto set our hands, in presence of twosubscribing witnesses, this 23d day of March, 190

orro FULTON, WILLIAM MOUNTSTEVEN GI LLARD. WVitnesses:

WALTER J. SKER'rnN, T. SELBY VVARDLE.

